Kamis, 29 Mei 2014

STRUCTURE ON TOEFL




The abbreviation of TOEFL is Test Of English as a Foreign Language. Theoritically, it is used for a test to evaluate the English language skills of nonnative speakers, or in other words it is a test that evaluates the ability of an individual to use and understand English in an academic setting. Normally, The TOEFL test is taken by people who want to study at university in the US and other English-speaking countries, or who want to join certain independent organizations and institutions.
The type of structure of TOEFL are so many:
NOUNS
 A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Whatever exists, we assume, can be named, and that name is a noun.  Categories Noun:
Nouns can be classified further as count nouns, which name anything that can be counted (four books, two continents, a few dishes, a dozen buildings)
mass nouns (or non-count nouns), which name something that can't be counted (water, air, energy, blood)
collective nouns, which can take a singular form but are composed of more than one individual person or items (jury, team, class, committee, herd)

PRONOUNS
 A pronoun is often defined as a word which can be used instead of a noun.
Example:  instead of saying John is a student
the pronoun he can be used in place of the noun John and the sentence becomes He is a student. 
personal pronouns sometimes have different forms for masculine/male, feminine/female and neuter  (he-she-it).  Also unlike nouns, personal pronouns have different forms depending on if  they act as subjects or objects (he-him, she-her).  A subject is a word which does an action and usually comes before the verb, and an object is a word that receives an action and usually comes after the verb. 


HELPING VERBS
In most cases, the words in sentences need a little help in order to make the intended meaning crystal clear. Verbs are no exceptions. Luckily, there are helping verbs to stand up and do just that.
The primary helping verbs are be, do, and have. They’re called primary because they can help main verbs or they can actually be the main verb.
1.      “Be” verbs. The term “be verbs” is a little deceiving because they include more than the word “be.” They help show a state of being or a state of existing.
Here is a list of “be” verb forms: am, is, are, was, were, been, being, be.
Example:  Fitri is watching television. (this shows a continuous tense.)
2.      Have. The helping verb have is used to make perfect tenses. The perfect tense shows action that is already completed.
Example: I have finished washing the dishes. (Dish washing is complete!)
3. Do. The verb “do” can perform a variety of functions:
- To make negatives: I do not care for broccoli.
- To ask questions: Do you like broccoli?
- To show emphasis: I do you want you to eat your broccoli.
- To stand for a main verb: Sam like broccoli more than Carmen does.

DEFINITE ARTICLE “THE”
Articles in English are invariable. That is, they do not change according to the gender or number of the noun they refer to, e.g. the boy, the woman, the children
'The' is used:
1. to refer to something which has already been mentioned.
 Example:
An elephant and a mouse fell in love.
The mouse loved the elephant's long trunk,
and the elephant loved the mouse's tiny nose.
2. When both the speaker and listener know what is being talked about, even if it has not been mentioned before.
Example:
'Where's the bathroom?'
'It's on the first floor.'
3. In sentences or clauses where we define or identify a particular person or object:
Example:
The man who wrote this book is famous.
'Which car did you scratch?' 'The red one.
My house is the one with a blue door.'
5. Before superlatives and ordinal numbers: (see Adjectives)
Example:
The highest building, the first page, the last chapter.
6. With adjectives, to refer to a whole group of people:
Example:
The Japanese (List of nationalities in English), the old

TENSES
In grammar, tense is a category that locates a situation in time, to indicate when the situation takes place. Tense is the grammaticalisation of time reference, often using three basic categories of "before now", the past; "now", the present; and "after now", the future.
Simple Tenses
The simple tenses are used to show permanent characteristics of people and events or what happens regularly, habitually or in a single completed action.
Continuous Tenses
The continuous tenses are used when talking about a particular point in time.
Perfect Tenses
Sometimes you need to give just a little bit more information about an action or state...and that is where the perfect tenses come in.
The perfect tenses are used when an action or situation in the present is linked to a moment in the past. It is often used to show things that have happened up to now but aren't finished yet or to emphasize that something happened but is not true anymore. When they end determines which of them you use.
Perfect tenses are never used when we say when something happened i.e. yesterday, last year etc. but can be used when discussing the duration of something i.e. often, for, always, since etc..
The Future Tenses
Discussing the future in English can seem complicated.The present simple, present continuous, present perfect simple and the present perfect continuous can all be used and often it is

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Adjective clause is clause which is preceded by a clause markers like who, whom, which, where, when, whose or why. The function to describe nouns.
For example :
1. The boy ..... is in the garden is my brother.
a. What                                                c. Who
b. Where                                              d. Which
The answered is c
PREPOSITIONS
 A preposition is a word such as after, in, to, on, and with. Prepositions are usually used in front of nouns or pronouns and they show the relationship between the noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. They describe, for example:
a)      Simple Preposition: about, above, across, after, etc.
b)      Compound Preposition: despite, beyond, upon, besides, etc
c)      Double Preposition: inspite of, due to, as regards, next to, etc
d)     Participal Preposition: regarding, barring, pending, during, etc
e)      Phrase Preposition: instead of, on account of, in line with, etc

CAUSATIVE
The causative is a common structure in English. It is used when one thing or person causes another thing or person to do something. 
a)      Causative – Have: I have him repair the door
b)      Causative – Get: I often get my sister to clean her room.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
An adjective clause usually comes after the noun it modifies and is made up of several words which, like all clauses, will include a subject and a verb.
a)      Subject pronoun: who – which – that
b)      Object pronoun: who – which – that
c)      Using whose and where



Sourch:
            en.wikipedia.org
http://eslus.com/LESSONS/GRAMMAR/POS/pos6.htm
http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/tensetext.html#sthash.kjDJJWm3.dpuf
www.learnenglish.de/grammar/tensetext.html