The
abbreviation of TOEFL is Test Of English as a Foreign Language. Theoritically,
it is used for a test to evaluate the English language
skills of nonnative speakers, or in other words it is a test that evaluates the
ability of an individual to use and understand English in an academic setting.
Normally, The TOEFL test is taken by people who want to study at university in the US and other English-speaking countries, or who want to join certain independent organizations and institutions.
The type of structure of TOEFL are so many:
NOUNS
A noun is the name of a person, place,
thing, or idea. Whatever exists, we assume, can be named, and that name is a
noun. Categories Noun:
Nouns can be classified
further as count nouns, which
name anything that can be counted (four books, two continents, a few dishes, a
dozen buildings)
mass nouns (or non-count nouns), which name
something that can't be counted (water, air, energy, blood)
collective nouns, which can take a singular form but are
composed of more than one individual person or items (jury, team, class,
committee, herd)
PRONOUNS
A pronoun is often
defined as a word which can be used instead of a noun.
Example: instead of saying John is a student
the pronoun he can be
used in place of the noun John and the sentence becomes He is a student.
personal pronouns sometimes
have different forms for masculine/male, feminine/female and neuter (he-she-it).
Also unlike nouns, personal pronouns have different forms depending on if
they act as subjects or objects (he-him, she-her). A subject is a word
which does an action and usually comes before the verb, and an object is a word
that receives an action and usually comes after the verb.
HELPING
VERBS
In most cases, the
words in sentences need a little help in order to make the intended meaning
crystal clear. Verbs are no exceptions. Luckily, there are helping
verbs to stand up and do just that.
The primary helping
verbs are be, do, and have. They’re
called primary because they can help main verbs or they can actually be the
main verb.
1. “Be” verbs. The
term “be verbs” is a little deceiving because they include more than the word
“be.” They help show a state of being or a state of existing.
Here is a list of “be”
verb forms: am, is, are, was, were, been, being, be.
Example: Fitri is watching
television. (this shows a continuous tense.)
2. Have. The
helping verb have is used to make perfect tenses. The perfect tense shows
action that is already completed.
Example: I have
finished washing the dishes. (Dish washing is complete!)
3. Do. The verb
“do” can perform a variety of functions:
- To make negatives: I do not care
for broccoli.
- To ask questions: Do you like
broccoli?
- To show emphasis: I do you want
you to eat your broccoli.
- To stand for a main verb: Sam like
broccoli more than Carmen does.
DEFINITE
ARTICLE “THE”
Articles in English are
invariable. That is, they do not change according to the gender or number of
the noun they refer to, e.g. the boy,
the woman, the children
'The' is used:
1. to refer to something which has already been mentioned.
Example:
An elephant and a mouse
fell in love.
The mouse loved the elephant's long trunk,
and the elephant loved the mouse's tiny nose.
and the elephant loved the mouse's tiny nose.
2. When both the speaker and listener know what is being talked about,
even if it has not been mentioned before.
Example:
'Where's the bathroom?'
'It's on the first floor.'
'It's on the first floor.'
3. In sentences or clauses where we define or identify a particular
person or object:
Example:
The man who wrote this book is famous.
'Which car did you scratch?' 'The red one.
My house is the one with a blue door.'
'Which car did you scratch?' 'The red one.
My house is the one with a blue door.'
5. Before superlatives and ordinal numbers: (see
Adjectives)
Example:
The highest building, the first page, the last
chapter.
6. With adjectives, to refer to a whole group of people:
Example:
The Japanese (List of
nationalities in English), the
old
TENSES
In grammar, tense is
a category that locates a situation in time, to indicate
when the situation takes place. Tense is the grammaticalisation of time reference, often using three basic
categories of "before now", the past; "now",
the present; and "after now", the future.
Simple Tenses
The simple tenses are
used to show permanent characteristics of people and events or what happens
regularly, habitually or in a single completed action.
The continuous tenses
are used when talking about a particular point in time.
Sometimes you need to
give just a little bit more information about an action or state...and that is
where the perfect tenses come in.
The perfect tenses are
used when an action or situation in the present is linked to a moment in the
past. It is often used to show things that have happened up to now but aren't
finished yet or to emphasize that something happened but is not true anymore.
When they end determines which of them you use.
Perfect tenses are
never used when we say when something happened i.e. yesterday, last year etc.
but can be used when discussing the duration of something i.e. often, for,
always, since etc..
The
Future Tenses
Discussing the future
in English can seem complicated.The present
simple, present
continuous, present perfect simple and the present perfect continuous can all be
used and often it is
ADJECTIVE
CLAUSES
Adjective clause is clause which is preceded
by a clause markers like who, whom, which, where, when, whose or why. The
function to describe nouns.
For example :
1. The boy ..... is in the
garden is my brother.
a. What c. Who
b. Where d.
Which
The answered is c
PREPOSITIONS
A preposition
is a word such as after, in, to, on, and with. Prepositions are usually used in front of nouns
or pronouns and they show the relationship between the noun or pronoun and
other words in a sentence. They describe, for example:
a) Simple
Preposition: about, above, across, after, etc.
b) Compound
Preposition: despite, beyond, upon, besides, etc
c) Double
Preposition: inspite of, due to, as regards, next to, etc
d) Participal
Preposition: regarding, barring, pending, during, etc
e) Phrase
Preposition: instead of, on account of, in line with, etc
CAUSATIVE
The causative is a
common structure in English. It is used when one thing or person causes another
thing or person to do something.
a) Causative
– Have: I have him repair the door
b) Causative
– Get: I often get my sister to clean her room.
ADJECTIVE
CLAUSE
An adjective clause
usually comes after the noun it modifies and is made up of several words which, like all
clauses, will include a subject and a verb.
a) Subject
pronoun: who – which – that
b) Object
pronoun: who – which – that
c) Using
whose and where
Sourch:
en.wikipedia.org
http://eslus.com/LESSONS/GRAMMAR/POS/pos6.htm
http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/tensetext.html#sthash.kjDJJWm3.dpuf
www.learnenglish.de/grammar/tensetext.html
